Experimental Studies on effect of Vermicompost and NPK on Essential oil
yield of Ocimum tenuiflorum var.
CIM-Ayu
A. Ranganadha Reddy1,
R. Bharath Kumar1, Dr.V.Ravi Kumar1, M. Deepthi1, T. Naga Lohita1, M. Sriharsha1,
K.P. Sastry2
1School of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi,
Guntur 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
2CIMAP Uppal, Hyderabad 500
039, Andhra Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding
Author E-mail: rangaaluri@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Naturally occurring organic biofertilizer
vermicompost contains 1.5 – 2.5 % Nitrogen, 0.9 – 1.7 % Phosphorus, 1.5 – 2.4 % Potash, 0.5 – 1.0 % Calcium, 0.2 – 0.3 % Magnesium, 0.4 - 0.5 % Sulphur.
Ocimum tenuiflorum yields
aromatic oil containing eugenol (71.3%). The effect of different doses of
vermicompost and NPK on essential oil yield of Ocimum tenuiflorum var. CIM-Ayu was studied. Different doses of
vermicompost and NPK was applied and during the course of investigation essential
oil from the herbs collected at two
different stages (i.e. at 45, 90 days after planting) and noticed that the essential oil content did
not follow any particular pattern. Similarly, chemical constituents of the oil
were not influenced by the treatments.
It was also observed that reduction in plant height and number of tillers/clump
that was manifested in reduced herb yield was compensated by a higher oil
concentration in the leaves. The highest content of Eugenol was reported
in addition to Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene.
KEYWORDS:
Ocimum tenuiflorum,
Vermicompost, NPK, Eugenol, Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene.
INTRODUCTION:
Ocimum tenuiflorum (Krishna Tulasi) is an aromatic and medicinal [1] plant in the
family Lamiaceae (labiate) [2] that is thought to have originated in
north central India and now grows native throughout the eastern world
tropics,which yields essential oil and
aroma chemicals and find diverse uses in the perfumery and cosmetic industries
as well as in indigenous systems of medicine.[3][4] Out of 160 species
of Ocimum, recorded in India, Ocimum
tenuiflorum Linn is cultivated in India on a commercial scale.
It
is grown in various parts of the country viz. in west Bengal, Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu, Assam etc.[5]
Essential oil of O. tenuiflorum
contained higher amount of linalool (39.39-55.26%) and moderate amounts of
methyl chavicol (0-6.66%), nerol (0.48-8.0%), geraniol (0.26-1.75%) and citral
(4.26-6.79%).[6] Recent analysis of the chemical constituents
in the essential oils of Ocimum tenuiflorum
revealed the presence of α-humulene (0.71%), germacrene D (2.11-4.91%),
β-elemene (1.59-6.35%), methyl eugenol (36.47-76.27%) and β-caryophyllene
(8.71-56.63%).[7] The essential oils, mainly used in food
industries, perfumery, and also possess anti-bacterial and insecticidal properties.
It inhibits the in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Micrococcus
pyrogenes variety aureus. It has marked insecticidal activity against
mosquitoes. Vermicopost improve herbs quality foliage yield, essential oil
content, and oil yield Vermicompost contains Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium,
Calcium, Sulphur and Magnesium-
Conserved Nutrients from Nature.
Vermicompost is the product obtained by composting organic residues using earth
worms.[8] Earth worms like Edudrilus eugeniae, Eistenia fetida
and Perionyx erxcauatus have been identified as the organisms to process
the biodegradable organic material.[9]
The chemical composition of basil oil is reported as -pinene 0.1-0.4%, camphene 0.02-0.1%,
ß-pinene 0.07-0.8%, myrcene 0.12-0.8%, limonene 2.0-9.3%, cis-ocimene
0.1-0.6%, p-cymene 0.05-0.15%,
cis-3-hexenol 0.02-0.08%, fenchyl acetate 0.1-0.5%, camphor 0.37-0.75%,
linalool 40-54%, fenchyl
alcohol 2-9%, methyl
chavicol 23-26%, -terpineol 0.8-1.9%, citronellol 0.65-3.7%,
geraniol 0.03-0.30%, methyl cinnamate
0.05-0.34% and eugenol 5-12%.[10] The application of N with P or K or
increased the yield of essential oil and eugenol per plant. Among the
fertilizers treatments, N (100) +P (25) +K (30) kg per hectare was the most
promising. [11]
Table-1: Physico-chemical properties of the sweet basil oil [12]
|
Assay of GLC: |
Comparable to standard [methyl chavicol (71% to 75%) Linalout (18% to
24%) traces 4-10%] |
|
Appearance: |
Pale yellow liquid |
|
Refractive index: |
1.453 to 1.655 |
|
Saponification value: |
2.0000 to 8.0000 |
|
Specific Gravity: |
0.9320 to o.9830 |
|
Optical Rotatim: |
- 4 to -8 |
|
Specific Gravity: |
0.9320 |
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant Material:
Fully
grown slips of size 4-6” were planted in
field at 60x60 cm spacing in 3x4 m plots as per the lay out plan. Ocimum
tenuiflorum var. CIM-Ayu were collected from the experimental garden of
CIMAP, Hyderabad and other chemical are analytical grade, NSP chemicals.
Methods:
Experiment I:
Different
doses of Vermicompost and NPK were applied in the following composition on herb Ocimum tenuiflorum var.
CIM-Ayu”
Table-2: Different levels of
Vermicompost and NPK applications at Different levels
|
S NO |
Treatment |
Vermicompost tons/ha and NPK |
Vermicompost Kg/plot and NPK Kg/plot
|
|
1. |
T1 |
100%VC+0% NPK |
7.20 Kg VC+0.0g NPK |
|
2. |
T2 |
75%VC+25% NPK |
5.40 Kg VC+120g NPK |
|
3. |
T3 |
50%VC+50% NPK |
3.60 Kg VC+240g NPK |
|
4. |
T4 |
25%VC+75% NPK |
1.80 Kg VC+360g NPK |
|
5. |
T5 |
0%VC+100%NPK |
0.00 Kg VC+480g NPK |
|
6 |
T6 |
Control |
Control |
Table-3:
Shows the replication of treatments with Vermicompost and NPK correspondingly
the information has been provided in parenthesis. (VC: Vermicompost, NPK:
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium,T: treatment, R: replication)
|
Experiment I |
|||
|
T6 Control |
|||
|
2R1T6 (Control) |
2R2T6
(Control) |
2R3T6
(Control) |
2R4T6 (Control) |
|
2R1T5 480gm NPK |
2R2T5 480gmNPK |
2R3T5 480gm NPK |
2R4T5 480gmNPK |
|
2R1T4 1.80 Kg VC+360 gm NPK |
2R2T4 1.80 Kg VC+360 gm NPK |
2R3T4 1.80 Kg VC+360 gm NPK |
2R4T4 1.80 Kg VC+360 gm NPK |
|
2R1T3 3.60 Kg VC+240 gm NPK |
2R2T3 3.60 Kg VC+240 gm NPK |
2R3T3 3.60 Kg VC+240 gm NPK |
2R4T3 3.60 Kg VC+240 gm NPK |
|
2R1T2 5.40 Kg VC+120 gm NPK |
2R2T2 5.40 Kg VC+120 gm NPK |
2R3T2 5.40 Kg VC+120 gm NPK |
2R4T2 5.40 Kg VC+120 gm NPK |
|
2R1T1 7.20 Kg VC |
2R2T1 7.20 Kg VC+0
gm NPK |
2R3T1 7.20 Kg VC |
2R4T1 7.20 Kg VC+0
gm NPK |
Experiment –I
Treatment imposition:
The
crop was planted in garden on 10.10.2010. Vermicompost as per treatments was
applied 10 days after planting.
Maintenance:
The
crop was kept weed free and regularly irrigated.
Observations on essential oil yield:
Observations
were taken at different intervals starting from 10 days after vermicompost
application. In each treatment five plants were removed at random from the
plants and washed under tap water. The plants were partitioned in to lamina, petiole and stem. Fresh and
dry weights of individual components were taken separately. Later observations
were recorded. Details about the observations recorded are presented here (see
Table-4):
Table-4: Table showing the different stages of fresh plant samples was
collected at regular intervals of time i.e., (30, 60, 90, 120 days)
|
S.No |
Regular intervals |
Code |
|
1 |
30 |
Stage
I |
|
2 |
60 |
Stage
II |
|
3 |
90 |
Stage
III |
|
4 |
120 |
Stage
IV |
Oil content and quality:
At 45, 90 days after planting leaf samples were collected and separated
in to small branches. 250 g leaves were weighed and using a Clevenger apparatus
the oil content was estimated. .
Gas Chromatography parameters:
Ocimum Methyl Eugenol method:
GC
analysis was carried out using Varian CP-3800 with Galaxie chromatography data
system fitted with flame ionization detector (FID) and an electronic
integrator. Separation of the compounds was achieved employing a Varian CP-Sil
5CB capillary column (ID: 50 m X 0.25 mm; film thickness 0.25 µm) with 5%
dimethyl polysiloxane. Nitrogen was the carrier gas at 0.5 ml/min constant flow
rate. The column temperature program was: 1200C (2 min) to 2400C
(6 min) at 80C/min ramp rate. The injector and detector temperature
were 2500C and 3000C, respectively. Samples (0.2 µL) were
injected with a 20:80:20 split ratio. Retention indices were generated with a
standard solution of n-alkanes (C6-C15). Peak
areas and retention times were measured by an electronic integrator. The
relative amounts of individual compounds were computed from GC peak areas
without FID response factor correction. [13][14] [15]
Statistical Analysis:
The
data generated in this study were statistically analyzed following the
procedure described by Mandal and Numbiar.[16] The results are presented
and discussed at 5 % probability level uniformly. The non significant results
are denoted as N.S and * indicates the significant results. In the statistical
analysis, F'-Test was performed with the difference between the highest and
lowest average values. If the difference is more than C.D value, then it is
significant and if it is less than C.D value, then it is non significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Essential Oil characteristics:
During the course of investigation the essential oil from the herbs was
collected at three different stages and it was noticed that the essential
content did not follow any particular pattern (Table-5 and Figure-1).
Similarly, the chemical constituents of the oil were not influenced by the
treatments (Table-6, 8, and10).
Table-5: Influence of different levels of Vermicompost and NPK on the
Oil content (%) at different stages.
|
Treatment |
days after planting |
|
|
|
I |
II |
|
T1 |
0.34 |
0.32 |
|
T2 |
0.38 |
0.34 |
|
T3 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
|
T4 |
0.45 |
0.24 |
|
T5 |
0.38 |
0.28 |
|
T6 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
|
F'-
Test |
* |
* |
|
C.D.(P=0.05) |
0.045 |
0.028 |
|
C.V.% |
8.384 |
6.56 |
Quantity of essential oil volume yielding in different stages at 45, 90
days after vermicompost application. It has been observed that reduction in
plant height and number of leaves that was manifested in reduced herb yield was
compensated by a higher oil concentration in the leaves.
Figure-1: Influence of different levels of Vermicompost and NPK on the
essential Oil content (%) of Ocimum tenuiflorum var. CIM-Ayu at
different days after planting
An increase in essential oil content was noticed upto 90 days in all the
treatments. The essential oil content noticed at observation three was less
because the observation was taken during growth period. It was observed that the essential oil content
did not follow any particular pattern.
Chemical constituents of the oil
Influence
of different levels of vermicompost and NPK on the chemical constituents of
essential oil. Stage-I – Chemical constituents of the oil after every 45
days
It
has been also observed that, the oil content and chemical composition of
oil did not change with regard to influence of the age of the crop.( after
every 45 days)
Table-6: Quantity of oil
after every 45 days of Vermicompost and NPK application.
|
Compounds |
T1 |
T2 |
T3 |
T4 |
T5 |
T6 |
|
Linalool |
0.246 |
1.467 |
0.243 |
0.005 |
0.045 |
0.151 |
|
Limonene |
0.533 |
1.720 |
0.605 |
3.466 |
0.588 |
0.416 |
|
Methyl Chavicol |
0.472 |
0.714 |
0.434 |
2.255 |
0.346 |
0.281 |
|
Methyl Eugenol |
22.446 |
18.269 |
27.035 |
12.514 |
38.814 |
27.999 |
|
Beta Elemene |
12.355 |
7.259 |
9.783 |
7.708 |
10.167 |
6.276 |
|
Caryophyllene |
12.017 |
13.852 |
11.069 |
3.977 |
10.235 |
7.707 |
|
Eugenol |
46.905 |
33.845 |
45.969 |
1.358 |
35.493 |
28.235 |
Fige-2: GC Analysis for
Vermicompost and NPK application of Plant samples after 45 days
In the above graph, the highest content of the Eugenol, Limonene,
Linalool, Methyl Chavicol, Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene was
present in the
essential oil component. It has been represented where as in X-axis
Retention Time (RT), min. and Y-axis Height of the peak (µV). (Refer to
Figure-2).
Table -7: Chemical
Composition of oil after 45 days of Vermicompost and NPK application
|
S.No |
Name |
Time [Min] |
Quantity [% Area] |
Height [µV] |
Area [µV.Min] |
Area % [%] |
|
1 |
Unknown |
5.72 |
0.01 |
472 |
16.8 |
0.008 |
|
2 |
Unknown |
5.77 |
0.01 |
437.2 |
25.1 |
0.012 |
|
3 |
Unknown |
5.86 |
0.15 |
10099.7 |
307.9 |
0.151 |
|
4 |
Unknown |
6.08 |
0.01 |
741.9 |
26.7 |
0.013 |
|
5 |
Unknown |
6.56 |
0.01 |
448.9 |
13.2 |
0.006 |
|
6 |
Unknown |
6.86 |
0.14 |
7054.5 |
294.9 |
0.145 |
|
7 |
Unknown |
7.23 |
0.01 |
641.9 |
17.7 |
0.009 |
|
8 |
Unknown |
7.58 |
0.01 |
559.6 |
16.5 |
0.008 |
|
9 |
Unknown |
7.65 |
0.01 |
673.9 |
20.1 |
0.01 |
|
10 |
Unknown |
7.71 |
0.81 |
56664.1 |
1658.1 |
0.813 |
|
11 |
Unknown |
7.8 |
0.06 |
3554.2 |
115.8 |
0.057 |
|
12 |
Unknown |
7.88 |
0.31 |
20988.3 |
633.1 |
0.31 |
|
13 |
Unknown |
8.01 |
0.3 |
17346.8 |
613.8 |
0.301 |
|
14 |
Unknown |
8.13 |
0.23 |
15377.6 |
469.4 |
0.23 |
|
15 |
Unknown |
8.45 |
0.03 |
1493.1 |
52.8 |
0.026 |
|
16 |
Unknown |
8.57 |
0.16 |
10428.8 |
320.9 |
0.157 |
|
17 |
Limonene |
8.62 |
0.66 |
43135.6 |
1355.5 |
0.665 |
|
18 |
Unknown |
8.73 |
0.34 |
20863.9 |
689.8 |
0.338 |
|
19 |
Unknown |
8.85 |
0.02 |
749.9 |
38.9 |
0.019 |
|
20 |
Unknown |
8.97 |
0.03 |
1239.7 |
52.2 |
0.026 |
|
21 |
Linalool |
9.18 |
0.36 |
19416.5 |
740.6 |
0.363 |
|
22 |
Unknown |
9.24 |
0.07 |
3751.9 |
136.6 |
0.067 |
|
23 |
Unknown |
9.32 |
0.02 |
1005.8 |
46.2 |
0.023 |
|
24 |
Unknown |
9.42 |
0.01 |
393.2 |
15 |
0.007 |
|
25 |
Unknown |
9.76 |
0.01 |
388.5 |
14.3 |
0.007 |
|
26 |
Unknown |
9.98 |
0.06 |
3034.7 |
124.6 |
0.061 |
|
27 |
Unknown |
10.21 |
0.02 |
1069.4 |
46.2 |
0.023 |
|
28 |
Methyl chavicol |
10.31 |
0.72 |
42327.5 |
1469.6 |
0.72 |
|
29 |
Unknown |
10.41 |
0.03 |
1486.4 |
60.6 |
0.03 |
|
30 |
Unknown |
10.5 |
0.23 |
8715 |
467.6 |
0.229 |
|
31 |
Unknown |
11.04 |
0.01 |
690.4 |
24.5 |
0.012 |
|
32 |
Unknown |
11.41 |
0.02 |
945 |
34.3 |
0.017 |
|
33 |
Unknown |
11.95 |
0.01 |
420.6 |
16.7 |
0.008 |
|
34 |
Unknown |
12.24 |
0.01 |
635.4 |
21.8 |
0.011 |
|
35 |
Unknown |
12.3 |
0.01 |
415.8 |
14.5 |
0.007 |
|
36 |
Eugenol |
12.89 |
61.16 |
1333480 |
124765.5 |
61.163 |
|
37 |
Methyl ugenol |
13.27 |
1.05 |
59375 |
2139.9 |
1.049 |
|
38 |
Unknown |
13.57 |
0.01 |
776.7 |
26.3 |
0.013 |
|
39 |
Unknown |
13.65 |
0.64 |
35738 |
1312.1 |
0.643 |
|
40 |
Beta elemene |
13.78 |
11.03 |
540795.8 |
22502 |
11.031 |
|
41 |
Unknown |
14.12 |
0.08 |
2419.3 |
158.6 |
0.078 |
|
42 |
Unknown |
14.22 |
0.08 |
1861.5 |
168.5 |
0.083 |
|
43 |
Caryophyllene |
14.39 |
18.32 |
820671.5 |
37375.9 |
18.322 |
|
44 |
Unknown |
14.58 |
0.15 |
3225.4 |
309.9 |
0.152 |
|
45 |
Unknown |
14.83 |
1.07 |
59608.7 |
2177.2 |
1.067 |
|
46 |
Unknown |
15.04 |
0.05 |
2355.5 |
99.8 |
0.049 |
|
47 |
Unknown |
15.16 |
0.01 |
681.2 |
24.5 |
0.012 |
|
48 |
Unknown |
15.21 |
0.01 |
460.3 |
14.4 |
0.007 |
|
49 |
Unknown |
15.28 |
0.16 |
8662.7 |
333.6 |
0.164 |
|
50 |
Unknown |
15.39 |
0.22 |
10490 |
454.4 |
0.223 |
|
51 |
Unknown |
15.6 |
0.03 |
1187.3 |
69.4 |
0.034 |
|
52 |
Unknown |
15.66 |
0.05 |
2695.9 |
94.3 |
0.046 |
|
53 |
Unknown |
15.73 |
0.02 |
948.2 |
40.2 |
0.02 |
|
54 |
Unknown |
15.78 |
0.04 |
2650.2 |
87.3 |
0.043 |
|
55 |
Unknown |
15.84 |
0.01 |
788.9 |
21.8 |
0.011 |
|
56 |
Unknown |
16.14 |
0.01 |
544.7 |
29.1 |
0.014 |
|
57 |
Unknown |
16.38 |
0.01 |
469.8 |
28 |
0.014 |
|
58 |
Unknown |
16.54 |
0.04 |
1982.3 |
81.8 |
0.04 |
|
59 |
Unknown |
16.6 |
0.34 |
17165.9 |
692.7 |
0.34 |
|
60 |
Unknown |
16.75 |
0.04 |
1940.9 |
81.8 |
0.04 |
|
61 |
Unknown |
16.96 |
0.04 |
1517.8 |
90.2 |
0.044 |
|
62 |
Unknown |
17.25 |
0.06 |
1971.9 |
112.3 |
0.055 |
|
63 |
Unknown |
17.34 |
0.01 |
446.4 |
27.5 |
0.013 |
|
64 |
Unknown |
17.52 |
0.13 |
3860.9 |
264.1 |
0.129 |
|
65 |
Unknown |
17.63 |
0.04 |
1141.2 |
79.6 |
0.039 |
|
66 |
Unknown |
17.75 |
0.03 |
906.8 |
52.4 |
0.026 |
|
67 |
Unknown |
17.92 |
0.02 |
1106.8 |
41.5 |
0.02 |
|
68 |
Unknown |
17.98 |
0.02 |
787.7 |
41.6 |
0.02 |
|
69 |
Unknown |
18.2 |
0.03 |
1227.9 |
62.1 |
0.03 |
|
70 |
Unknown |
18.39 |
0.02 |
869.3 |
49.9 |
0.024 |
|
71 |
Unknown |
18.45 |
0.05 |
1795.4 |
106.8 |
0.052 |
|
Total |
|
|
100 |
3224275 |
203989.3 |
100 |
The chemical composition contents was
present in above mentioned table shows that the out of 71 unknown samples the
only seven components (viz. Eugenol ,Limonene, Linalool, Methyl Chavicol,
Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene) were shown the considerable
enhancement in terms of quantity after adding the required quantity (7.20Kg
VC+0gm NPK kg/Plot) vermicompost application. ( see Table-7).
Stage II -Chemical constituents of the oil after every 90 days
Table-8:
Quantity of oil after every 90 days of Vermicompost and NPK application.
|
Compounds |
T1 |
T2 |
T3 |
T4 |
T5 |
T6 |
|
Limonene |
2.814 |
0.488 |
3.393 |
0.859 |
0.641 |
0.234 |
|
Linalool |
0.674 |
0.326 |
0.743 |
0.376 |
0.276 |
0.258 |
|
Methyl Chavicol |
0.860 |
0.419 |
0.919 |
0.593 |
0.554 |
0.470 |
|
Methyl Eugenol |
1.835 |
2.533 |
10.564 |
0.365 |
1.424 |
1.870 |
|
Beta Elemene |
10.678 |
8.828 |
6.965 |
11.048 |
11.700 |
11.82 |
|
Caryophyllene |
18.694 |
13.521 |
17.226 |
16.283 |
18.280 |
19.193 |
|
Eugenol |
43.314 |
45.779 |
37.225 |
62.209 |
56.685 |
56.259 |
It has been also observed that, the oil
content and chemical composition of oil did not change with regard to influence
of the age of the crop.( after every 45 days.)
Figure-3: GC Analysis for
Vermicompost and NPK application of Plant samples after 90 days
In
the above graph, the highest content of the Eugenol, Limonene, Linalool, Methyl
Chavicol, Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene was present in the
essential
oil component. It has been represented where as in X-axis Retention Time (RT),
min. and Y-axis Height of the peak (µV). (Refer to Figure-3)
Table-9: Chemical Composition of oil after 90 days of Vermicompost and
NPK application
|
S.No |
Name |
Time [Min] |
Quantity [%Area] |
Height [µV] |
Area [µV.Min] |
Area % [%] |
|
1 |
Unknown |
4.68 |
0.03 |
132.2 |
8.5 |
0.032 |
|
2 |
Unknown |
5.16 |
0.03 |
101 |
9.1 |
0.034 |
|
3 |
Unknown |
5.85 |
0.28 |
1117.9 |
75.3 |
0.278 |
|
4 |
Unknown |
6.04 |
0.04 |
125.6 |
10.6 |
0.039 |
|
5 |
Unknown |
6.86 |
0.11 |
316 |
29.3 |
0.108 |
|
6 |
Unknown |
7.01 |
0.02 |
100.3 |
5.3 |
0.019 |
|
7 |
Unknown |
7.53 |
0.02 |
100.6 |
6.4 |
0.024 |
|
8 |
Unknown |
7.71 |
0.34 |
1323.8 |
92.2 |
0.34 |
|
9 |
Unknown |
7.88 |
0.17 |
666.9 |
46.1 |
0.17 |
|
10 |
Unknown |
8.01 |
0.17 |
750.3 |
47.3 |
0.174 |
|
11 |
Unknown |
8.13 |
0.13 |
608.6 |
35.6 |
0.131 |
|
12 |
Unknown |
8.24 |
0.03 |
120.3 |
8.5 |
0.032 |
|
13 |
Unknown |
8.37 |
0.02 |
117.4 |
5.7 |
0.021 |
|
14 |
Unknown |
8.42 |
0.02 |
126.6 |
6.7 |
0.025 |
|
15 |
Unknown |
8.5 |
0.03 |
172.3 |
6.9 |
0.026 |
|
16 |
Limonene |
8.62 |
0.49 |
2149.8 |
132.3 |
0.488 |
|
17 |
Unknown |
8.73 |
0.31 |
1717.1 |
84.7 |
0.312 |
|
18 |
Unknown |
8.83 |
0.04 |
166.5 |
11.6 |
0.043 |
|
19 |
Unknown |
8.96 |
0.04 |
177.1 |
10.4 |
0.038 |
|
20 |
Unknown |
9.07 |
0.02 |
109.4 |
6.2 |
0.023 |
|
21 |
Linalool |
9.17 |
0.33 |
1399 |
88.4 |
0.326 |
|
22 |
Unknown |
9.41 |
0.02 |
119.5 |
5.4 |
0.02 |
|
23 |
Unknown |
9.62 |
0.03 |
137 |
8.6 |
0.032 |
|
24 |
Unknown |
9.74 |
0.05 |
141.1 |
12.3 |
0.045 |
|
25 |
Unknown |
9.85 |
0.04 |
194.2 |
10.3 |
0.038 |
|
26 |
Unknown |
9.98 |
0.06 |
314.3 |
17.4 |
0.064 |
|
27 |
Unknown |
10.06 |
0.05 |
195.6 |
12.9 |
0.047 |
|
28 |
Unknown |
10.2 |
0.06 |
216.5 |
15.6 |
0.057 |
|
29 |
Methyl chavicol |
10.31 |
0.42 |
2654.8 |
113.5 |
0.419 |
|
30 |
Unknown |
10.41 |
0.05 |
218.2 |
12.5 |
0.046 |
|
31 |
Unknown |
10.52 |
0.17 |
592.3 |
46.1 |
0.17 |
|
32 |
Unknown |
10.72 |
0.02 |
81.8 |
5 |
0.018 |
|
33 |
Unknown |
10.84 |
0.02 |
94.8 |
4.7 |
0.017 |
|
34 |
Unknown |
10.92 |
0.02 |
92.4 |
5.5 |
0.02 |
|
35 |
Unknown |
11.34 |
0.02 |
94.5 |
5.8 |
0.021 |
|
36 |
Unknown |
11.57 |
0.01 |
67.5 |
2.6 |
0.009 |
|
37 |
Unknown |
11.75 |
0.85 |
3235.6 |
230.3 |
0.85 |
|
38 |
Unknown |
11.88 |
0.32 |
1309.7 |
87.2 |
0.322 |
|
39 |
Unknown |
12.19 |
5.35 |
5647 |
1450.8 |
5.352 |
|
40 |
Unknown |
12.39 |
1.29 |
3678.9 |
350.2 |
1.292 |
|
41 |
Unknown |
12.48 |
0.68 |
3474.6 |
183.4 |
0.677 |
|
42 |
Unknown |
12.53 |
0.64 |
3413.2 |
173.3 |
0.639 |
|
43 |
Unknown |
12.58 |
0.51 |
3353.6 |
138.1 |
0.509 |
|
44 |
Unknown |
12.62 |
0.68 |
3322.8 |
184.9 |
0.682 |
|
45 |
Eugenol |
12.78 |
45.78 |
296018.8 |
12408.8 |
45.779 |
|
46 |
Unknown |
13.15 |
2.95 |
3598.6 |
799.8 |
2.951 |
|
47 |
Unknown |
13.26 |
0.95 |
3695.8 |
257.4 |
0.95 |
|
48 |
Methyl eugenol |
13.32 |
2.53 |
3460.4 |
686.6 |
2.533 |
|
49 |
Unknown |
13.56 |
0.4 |
2207 |
108.5 |
0.4 |
|
50 |
Unknown |
13.64 |
1.62 |
7185.3 |
439.6 |
1.622 |
|
51 |
Beta elemene |
13.76 |
8.83 |
61339.6 |
2392.9 |
8.828 |
|
52 |
Unknown |
13.97 |
4.07 |
4602 |
1103 |
4.069 |
|
53 |
Unknown |
14.19 |
1.33 |
3125.3 |
361 |
1.332 |
|
54 |
Caryophyllene |
14.35 |
13.52 |
97552.6 |
3665 |
13.521 |
|
55 |
Unknown |
14.58 |
1.94 |
2351.9 |
526.1 |
1.941 |
|
56 |
Unknown |
14.83 |
1.16 |
6234.4 |
315.6 |
1.164 |
|
57 |
Unknown |
14.97 |
0.07 |
351.9 |
18 |
0.067 |
|
58 |
Unknown |
15.04 |
0.1 |
399 |
28.1 |
0.104 |
|
59 |
Unknown |
15.29 |
0.09 |
671.1 |
25.2 |
0.093 |
|
60 |
Unknown |
15.4 |
0.12 |
811.1 |
32.7 |
0.121 |
|
61 |
Unknown |
15.66 |
0.02 |
147.5 |
4.6 |
0.017 |
|
62 |
Unknown |
15.74 |
0.01 |
121.4 |
4 |
0.015 |
|
63 |
Unknown |
15.79 |
0.03 |
218.2 |
8.1 |
0.03 |
|
64 |
Unknown |
15.86 |
0.02 |
93.5 |
5.8 |
0.022 |
|
65 |
Unknown |
16.55 |
0.03 |
182.2 |
8.9 |
0.033 |
|
66 |
Unknown |
16.61 |
0.14 |
1043.9 |
39.1 |
0.144 |
|
67 |
Unknown |
16.76 |
0.03 |
159.4 |
8.7 |
0.032 |
|
68 |
Unknown |
17.26 |
0.02 |
138.3 |
6.7 |
0.025 |
|
69 |
Unknown |
17.53 |
0.06 |
307.9 |
15.7 |
0.058 |
|
70 |
Unknown |
17.64 |
0.02 |
88.6 |
5 |
0.019 |
|
71 |
Unknown |
18.21 |
0.02 |
115.5 |
5.6 |
0.021 |
|
72 |
Unknown |
18.47 |
0.03 |
152.2 |
7 |
0.026 |
|
73 |
Unknown |
20.1 |
0.06 |
142.7 |
15 |
0.055 |
|
Total |
|
|
100 |
540764.8 |
27105.9 |
100 |
The chemical composition contents was
present in above mentioned table shows that the out of 73 unknown samples the
only seven components (viz. Eugenol ,Limonene, Linalool, Methyl Chavicol,
Methyl Eugenol, Beta Elemene and Caryophyllene) were shown the considerable
enhancement in terms of quantity after adding the required quantity (5.40
VC+120g NPK kg/Plot) vermicompost application.( refer Table-9)
CONCLUSIONS:
The influence of vermicompost and
NPK on the essential oil yield of ocimum at two different stages (i.e.
45 and 90 days) was studied by using standardization method of oil analysis it
was observed that the essential oil content did not follow any particular
pattern. The eugenol content of the oil
was higher due to vermicompost and NPK application.
REFERENCES:
1. Bast
F, Rani P, Meena D. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) in Indian
subcontinent. ScientificWorldJournal.2014; 2014:847–482.
2. Simon, J.E., A.F. Chadwick, and L.E. Craker. 1984. Basil. In: Herbs: An indexed bibliography,
1971-1980. Archon Books.
3. Krishnan
R. Natural outcrossing in sweet basil-Ocimum
basilicum L. Indian Perfumer, 25(3and4); 1981: 74-77.
4. Joy,
P.P., Thomas, J., Mathew, S., Jose, G. and Joseph, J. Aromatic plants. Tropical
Horticulture Vol. 2. (eds. Bose, T.K., Kabir, J., Das, P. and Joy, P.P.). Naya
Prokash, Calcutta, 2001; 633-733
5. Sobti
SN. and Pushpangadan P. Studies in the
Genus Ocimum : to genetics, Breeding and
Production of New Strains of economic Importance, in CK. Atal and BM Kapur
(eds), Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. RRL, CSIR, Jammu-Tawi,
1982 : 457-472.
6. Omer
E.A., Elsayed A-G.A., El-Lathy A., Khattab M.E., Sabra A.S., Effect of the
nitrogen fertilizer forms and time of their application on the yield of herb
and essential oil of Ocimum americanum
L. Herba Pol., 54(1); 2008:34–46.
7. Vani,
S.R., S.F. Cheng and C.H. Chuah, Comparative Study of Volatile Compounds from
Genus Ocimum. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6(3); 2009: 523-528. Vani, S.R.,
Cheng, S.F. and Chuah, C.H..American Journal of Applied Sciences., 6(3); 2009:
523-528
8. Gandhi,
M., Sangwan, V., Kapoor, K.K. and Dilbaghi, N. Composting of household wastes
with and without earthworms. Environment and Ecology., 15(2);1997: 432-434.
9. Patil,
S.L and Sheelavantar M.N. Effect of moisture conservation practices, organic
sources and nitrogen levels on yield, water use and root development of rabi
sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)] in the vertisols of semiarid tropics. Annals of
Agricultural Research., 21(21); 2000 :32–36.
10. Kumar,
A., Sharma, A. and Virmani, O. P. Cultivation and utilization of rose geranium:
A review. Cur. Res. Med. Arom. Plants., 7(3); 1985:137-147.
11. Dey B B
and Choudhari M A Effect of applica-tion
of N, P and
K on growth
and yield of
essential oil and
eugenol in Ocimum sanc-tum. Pafai Journal., 6(1); 1984:
20-24.
12. Dhingra,
S. N., Dhingra, D. R. and Gupta, G. N. Essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. Indian Soap. Journal., 19; 1955.:251-258.
13. Risto
Uusitalo, et al,. Effect of gypsum on the transfer of phosphorus and other
nutrients through clay soil monoiliths, Agriculture and Food Science
Journal.,21; 2012:260 – 278.
14. Ranganadha Reddy, V. Ravi
Kumar, M. Priyanka, K.P. Sastry Experimental
Studies on Influence of Different Doses of Gypsum on Essential Oil Yield of
Lemongrass var. Krishna (Cymbopogon
flexuosus) Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 7(4);
2014:439-446.
15. Ranganadha
Reddy, V. Ravi Kumar, R. Bharath Kumar, M. Priyanka, K.P. Sastry Experimental Studies on Influence of
Different Doses of Sulphur on Essential Oil Yield of Lemongrass Var. Krishna (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Research
Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 7(8); 2014:856-863.
16. Nambiar, P. T. N
and mandal R.C, Agricultural statistics: techniques and procedures, Agro Botanica
Bikaner, 1999;
200P.
Received on 08.08.2015 Modified on 19.08.2015
Accepted on 28.09.2015 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 8(11): Nov., 2015; Page
1519-1525
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00271.1